Google docs read aloud - Here’s how: Open Google Docs in your browser. Click on the “Settings” icon (gear icon) located at the top right corner of the page. From the drop-down menu, select “Settings.”. Scroll down to the “Accessibility” section. Toggle the “Screen reader support” option to “ON.”. Click on “Save” to apply the changes.

 
How to make Google Docs read your documents out loud to you, using a Google Chrome extension. Written by Devon Delfino. Jan 28, 2020, 1:51 PM PST. To …. Smartapp

You have a few ways to hear a Google Doc read aloud with text-to-speech (TTS). Turn on the Text-to-Speech Tool in Google Docs If you already have a screen reader, you’ll need to turn on the accessibility tool in Google Docs to hear your document read to you. Open your document in Docs and select Tools in the menu. Select …Google Docs Read Aloud. So, I use Google Docs for writing and like to proofread with TTS. Microsoft Edge has some very good natural TTS voices ... problem is, the feature does not seem to work with Docs. Every time I click the read icon in the address bar, it reads the header and menu, but stops at the actual text.To have pages read aloud to you, turn on your Chromebook’s built-in screen reader: At the bottom right, select the time. Or press Alt + Shift + s. Select Settings Accessibility. Under "Text-to-Speech," turn on ChromeVox. Tip: When you press Ctrl + Alt + z, you can turn ChromeVox on or off from any page. Learn how to use the built-in screen ...Step 4: To activate the Read Aloud feature, proceed by clicking the "Read Aloud" button on the View tab. To change the voice, speed, or pitch of the speech, click the Settings button on the Read Aloud toolbar. You can choose from various voices and languages, and customize the speech parameters. I find this method very convenient …Read&Write offers a range of powerful support tools to help you gain confidence with reading, writing, studying and research, including: • Text-to-speech to hear words, passages, or whole documents read aloud with easy-to-follow dual color highlighting • Text and picture dictionaries to see the meaning of words explained • With …Open the document that you want to read and select the text you want to hear. Press the “CTRL” and “A” keys at the same time as a keyboard shortcut to select all the text. Click on “Accessibility” on the top menu bar. Select “Speak Selection” from the “Speak” dropdown menu.You can activate speech-to-text from the Tools menu – it is the fourth menu item from the bottom. Or you can use the Ctrl+Shift+S (on Windows) or Command+Shift+S (on Mac) shortcut to activate it. The Tool menu. The Voice typing menu item is the tenth item from the top, or the fourth from the bottom. This will open a little tab with a ...Read Aloud text-to-speech extension for Chrome is an Open Source project, meaning any user can contribute bug fixes or translations by visiting the associated GitHub page. ... Intelligent Speaker is an advanced reader that features a human-like voice that reads web pages, documents, PDFs, and even Google Docs aloud in your preferred …Step 1: Open a Google Docs Document. Open the document you want Google Docs to read out loud. Once you have the document open, make sure your …Mar 14, 2023 · Here is a step-by-step guide on how to use TTS in Google Docs. Step 1: Open your document in Google Docs. Step 2: Select the “Tools” menu at the top of the page. Step 3: Click on “Voice Typing” from the drop-down menu. Step 4: A microphone icon will appear in the toolbar. Click on it to activate the voice typing feature. Here’s how: Open Google Docs in your browser. Click on the “Settings” icon (gear icon) located at the top right corner of the page. From the drop-down menu, select “Settings.”. Scroll down to the “Accessibility” section. Toggle the “Screen reader support” option to “ON.”. Click on “Save” to apply the changes. Open a new document. #Step 2: Once inside the document, tap on Tools > Accessibility. #Step 3: Check the Turn on screen reader support option. Tap on Okay to save the settings. #Step 4: Now, whenever you want Google Docs to read text aloud, select the whole document or part of it. Tap on Accessibility > Speak > Speak Selection …This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear search3 days ago · Boost reading and writing confidence across all types of content and devices, in class, at work, and at home. Wonderfully intuitive and easy-to-use, Read&Write for Google Chrome™ provides personalized support to make documents, web pages and common file types in Google Drive (including: Google Docs, PDF & ePub) more accessible.Open the document that you want to read and select the text you want to hear. Press the “CTRL” and “A” keys at the same time as a keyboard shortcut to select all the text. Click on “Accessibility” on the top menu bar. Select “Speak Selection” from the “Speak” dropdown menu.Apr 3, 2024 · Step 1: Open the Google Docs document that you want to use text to speech on. Step 2: Locate the Tools option in a toolbar with various icons on the top of your document. Step 3: Click on the Accessibility option to activate the text to speech feature. click on the Accessibility option. Step 4: Select Turn on screen reader support button and ... Text to speech (TTS) is a technology that converts text into spoken audio. It can read aloud PDFs, websites, and books using natural AI voices. Text-to-speech (TTS) technology can be helpful for anyone who needs to access written content in an auditory format, and it can provide a more inclusive and accessible way of communication for many ... To have pages read aloud to you, turn on your Chromebook’s built-in screen reader: At the bottom right, select the time. Or press Alt + Shift + s. Select Settings Accessibility. Under 'Text-to-Speech', turn on ChromeVox. Tip: When you press Ctrl + Alt + z, you can turn ChromeVox on or off from any page. Learn how to use the built-in screen ...4 days ago · Read aloud any text with realistic AI voices, compatible with webpages, kindle Ebooks, Google Docs, PDF, Emails, and more. NaturalReader - Text To Speech, is a chrome extension that converts text online into natural sounding audio. Simply press play and have your Emails, Websites, PDFs, Google Docs and Kindle Books read aloud to you!Jan 6, 2023 · Learn how to use the built-in text-to-speech tools or a Google Chrome extension to have Google Docs read out your document for you. This accessibility feature can help you read through long documents, proofread, or listen to the word count and formatting. To have pages read aloud to you, turn on your Chromebook’s built-in screen reader: At the bottom right, select the time. Or press Alt + Shift + s. Select Settings Accessibility. Under "Text-to-Speech," turn on ChromeVox. Tip: When you press Ctrl + Alt + z, you can turn ChromeVox on or off from any page. Learn how to use the built-in screen ...Read aloud any Google Doc, PDF, webpage, or book with text to speech (TTS). Natural sounding voices in 30+ languages & 130 voices. Text to speech from Speechify lets you listen to docs, articles, PDFs, email, and other formats — anything you read. It’s one of the fastest growing voice generator extensions in the Chrome store.Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, people with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.4 days ago · Read aloud any text with realistic AI voices, compatible with webpages, kindle Ebooks, Google Docs, PDF, Emails, and more. NaturalReader - Text To Speech, is a chrome extension that converts text online into natural sounding audio. Simply press play and have your Emails, Websites, PDFs, Google Docs and Kindle Books read aloud to you!This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchMay 26, 2021 · Similar to a podcast player, the articles will be read aloud in order. To access the Read Aloud player and queue at any time, tap your profile icon in the top-right corner of the Home tab. Then, select "Read Aloud" from the menu. The player and queue will reappear at the bottom of the screen. That's all there is to it! Feb 6, 2024 · Yes, place your cursor at the start of the desired text and highlight the section you want to be read aloud. Summary. Open your Google Docs document. Click on the ‘Tools’ menu. Select ‘Accessibility settings’. Check ‘Turn on Screen Reader Support’. Use shortcut ‘Ctrl+Alt+X’ to start reading aloud. Conclusion. Google Docs read ... Bud, Not Buddy Read Aloud by Mrs. Kearns. Directions: Follow along as you listen. Pause and replay any confusing parts. Enjoy! Click Below… https://drive.google.com ...Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, people with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.Learn how to use the Screen Reader feature in Google Docs, which lets the app narrate the text out loud. You need to install the ChromeVox extension and enable the Accessibility settings in Google …💯Click The Link To Start Making Money Today 👉 https://marketing330.com/hi_ticket_3 👈🍀Absolutely FREE! Yep, it’s true.here is the direct link to Read&Wri...Jun 20, 2023 · Method 1: Enabling Text-to-Speech on Google Docs. To start using TTS, you must first turn on the functionality. Todo it! Open a web browser, and navigate to Google Docs. Go to the top menu within a Google Docs document and select “ Tools .”. A drop-down menu will appear with different choices.Sep 26, 2022 · The read-aloud assistive technology amplifies this effect and improves study skills, attention, and knowledge assimilation speed. Encourages independent learning – Its compatibility with various text file formats – HTML, PDF, Google docs, Word docs – makes Read&Write a versatile tool that any student can use independently of their ...Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, people with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.Dec 8, 2022 · Then, turn on VoiceOver with the following steps. Open System Preferences and select Accessibility . Choose VoiceOver and then turn on the VoiceOver toggle. Confirm you want to enable the feature by selecting Use VoiceOver . Then, head to your document in Google Docs. If necessary, place your cursor in the document for the reader to begin.May 31, 2023 · Yes, you can download Google Docs on an iPhone. To do this, simply open the App Store and search for “Google Docs”. Once you have located the app, tap “Get” or “Install” to begin ...Search the website then click the bin icon to remove and check if the issue is fixed. If that didn't help, you may report this by pressing Alt+Shift+I and submit the logs and recording of what's happening. It'll help the Edge team to diagnose the problem and create a fix for it. LF. Lisa Fro.Once this is activated, you can have Google Docs read out loud from the point that your cursor is currently positioned at. Keep in mind, however, that when the “ChromeVox” functionality is turned on, it will begin reading out loud for every tab that you have open in your browser. ... Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert …Wordable: Published Google Physicians to your blog in 1-click. Despite Google Docs being (at first glance) a very simple writing editor, the feature does exist. You just need for understand where to look. Getting one Google Docs app to read your text away sound covers using the Accessibility setting and enabling specific permissions.Speak Pause Stop Repeat Pause Stop RepeatRead&Write offers a range of powerful support tools to help you gain confidence with reading, writing, studying and research, including: • Text-to-speech to hear words, passages, or whole documents read aloud with easy-to-follow dual color highlighting • Text and picture dictionaries to see the meaning of words explained • With …Speak Pause Stop Repeat Pause Stop RepeatRead aloud any Google Doc, PDF, webpage, or book with text to speech (TTS). Natural sounding voices in 30+ languages & 130 voices. Text to speech from Speechify lets you listen to docs, articles, PDFs, email, and other formats — anything you read. It’s one of the fastest growing voice generator extensions in the Chrome store.To begin, select Read Aloud from the Immersive Reader toolbar. A ribbon toolbar appears at the top of the page after you start Read Aloud. The toolbar includes buttons to play audio, skip to the next or previous paragraph, and adjust Voice options. Voice options allow you to change the reader's voice and slow down or speed up their reading paceOpen the document that you want to read and select the text you want to hear. Press the “CTRL” and “A” keys at the same time as a keyboard shortcut to select all the text. Click on “Accessibility” on the top menu bar. Select “Speak Selection” from the “Speak” dropdown menu. 1. Open up the document and select the text you want to read aloud (press Ctrl+A to select all the text). 2. Now click on “Accessibility” in the top menu bar and select “Speak selection” in the “Speak” option. Your screen reader software will read aloud the text. There is also a Google Docs keyboard shortcut for this purpose. Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, people with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.You can activate speech-to-text from the Tools menu – it is the fourth menu item from the bottom. Or you can use the Ctrl+Shift+S (on Windows) or Command+Shift+S (on Mac) shortcut to activate it. The Tool menu. The Voice typing menu item is the tenth item from the top, or the fourth from the bottom. This will open a little tab with a ...Once this is activated, you can have Google Docs read out loud from the point that your cursor is currently positioned at. Keep in mind, however, that when the …Jan 12, 2024 · Here is the process: With text selected, click Accessibility > Speak > Speak selection in the top menu. Google Docs will immediately start reading the selected text aloud using its built-in text-to-speech voice. To stop the audio, click the Stop Speaking button that appears. If you selected all your text earlier, Google Docs will read your ... This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchA. Basic Usage: Reading a Document Aloud. B. Advanced Usage: Customizing Voice Settings. VII. Enhancing Your Experience with Text-to-Speech. A. … This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear search Open the document that you want to read and select the text you want to hear. Press the “CTRL” and “A” keys at the same time as a keyboard shortcut to select all the text. Click on “Accessibility” on the top menu bar. Select “Speak Selection” from the “Speak” dropdown menu.Jan 28, 2020 · You can make Google Docs read text to you out loud with a text-to-speech extension in Google Chrome. Jump to. Main list; Search; Account; The word "Insider". The word Reviews. An icon in the shape a a person's heading plus rear. It often indicates a user profile. An icon stylish the shape of a person's head and shoulders. ... Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, those with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read. Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, those with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.Dec 9, 2022 · How to Get Google Docs to Read Documents Aloud,You might want to listen to a document in Google Docs out of necessity or for a good way to review it. You have a few ways to hear a Google Doc read aloud with text-to-speech (TTS).4 days ago · Read aloud any text with realistic AI voices, compatible with webpages, kindle Ebooks, Google Docs, PDF, Emails, and more. NaturalReader - Text To Speech, is a chrome extension that converts text online into natural sounding audio. Simply press play and have your Emails, Websites, PDFs, Google Docs and Kindle Books read aloud to you!Feb 20, 2020 · Obviously for students with dysgraphia, this period of having to dictate work or type with word prediction might have to be continued longer. Tech expert Jamie Martin mentions several Google Docs Add-ons that can also be helpful for students: The Text Help tool has virtual highlighters that can also export text for citations.Dec 22, 2021 · How To Make Google Docs Read Text Aloud To YouFree Google Docs Templates: https://bit.ly/Read_Text (Really Free)https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/scr... iPhone offers great accessibility features, and since the Google Docs app does not come with a built-in TTS feature, we can use the accessibility options in an iPhone to read the content of Google Docs aloud with a much easier experience. By default, this feature is turned off, so ensure that you follow all the steps below correctly: 1. Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, people with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.What I No Longer Have to Do Because I Use Google Slides: Handwrite “I can…” statements with my chicken scratch. Read from a lesson plan during my read aloud. Handwrite discussion questions and sentence frames. Forget any part of my lesson that I want to say to students. Print reading response pages (if I don’t want to)Learn how to use text to speech on Google Docs with screen readers, add-ons, extensions, and apps. Speechify is a cross-platform text to speech tool that lets … Go to Google Docs, Sheets or Slides and open a file. In the Tools menu, select Accessibility settings. Select Turn on screen reader support. Step 2: Check your screen reader settings. For some screen readers, you might need to adjust your settings when you use Google Docs, Sheets, Slides or Drawings. Check your screen reader instructions below ... Sep 17, 2020 · After selecting the text, here’s how to get Google Docs to read to you. Go to the new Accessibility menu that appeared on your toolbar. Highlight the ‘Speak’ option, and then click on the first option called ‘Speak Selection.’ You can also choose to make Google Docs read aloud from your cursor location. Jan 26, 2024 · This article shows 5 ways to make Google Docs read to you on Windows, Mac, Chromebook, and phone. Enable Text-to-Speech in Google Docs. To hear any content read aloud by Google's built-in text-to-speech feature, you need to enable it in Google Docs first. Otherwise, you can select text-to-speech in a document, but nothing will be audible. Read aloud documents, PDFs, Google Docs, email, and more with the leading text-to-speech app for Android. Get the app, for free. Continue . ... Impeccable functionality allows you to read web pages, PDFs, Google Docs and more with dozens of text-to-speech voices to choose from. See our pricing page for more info.Step 1. Open Google Docs. Firstly, you have to open your document on Google Docs and tap "Tools" from the main menu. Here, you will find the "Accessibility" tab; click it. Step 2. Access Accessibility Settings. From the "Accessibility Settings" window, checkmark "Turn on screen reader support," and press "OK."Here’s a shortlist of the best online tools and browsers for converting PDF text to speech: Microsoft Edge. Google Chrome. Natural Readers. ReadAloud. 1. Microsoft Edge. Our first tip is to use Microsoft Edge. It’s available online for free and has a native accessibility feature for reading text out loud – including document files, like PDF.💯Click The Link To Start Making Money Today 👉 https://marketing330.com/hi_ticket_3 👈🍀Absolutely FREE! Yep, it’s true.here is the direct link to Read&Wri... The screen reader setting applies only to Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, Forms, and Drawings on a browser, like Chrome. When you use these products, a screen reader can read text on your screen aloud. For this setting to work, you need to have a screen reader, like NVDA, JAWS, VoiceOver, or ChromeVox. May 31, 2023 · Yes, you can download Google Docs on an iPhone. To do this, simply open the App Store and search for “Google Docs”. Once you have located the app, tap “Get” or “Install” to begin ...Jul 3, 2019 · Download the app on your phone. Open the doc and click the pencil icon in the lower right-hand corner. Once you’re in edit mode, you’re ready to listen! Select and highlight a portion of text or select all, then click speak. Time needed: 5 minutes. How to get Google Docs to read aloud. Get Google Docs. MP3 files created from text to speech Google docs can support ELL students and help with foreign language barriers. In addition, learners can improve their pronunciation and intonation and increase their understanding of the language. By hearing the words spoken in google docs read aloud, learners can better comprehend the … 1. Open up the document and select the text you want to read aloud (press Ctrl+A to select all the text). 2. Now click on “Accessibility” in the top menu bar and select “Speak selection” in the “Speak” option. Your screen reader software will read aloud the text. There is also a Google Docs keyboard shortcut for this purpose. Dec 22, 2021 · How To Make Google Docs Read Text Aloud To YouFree Google Docs Templates: https://bit.ly/Read_Text (Really Free)https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/scr... With the Pixel 8 and 8 Pro, Assistant gained a new “Read aloud” feature that uses the “same text-to-speech model that Google uses in data centers.” It’s meant to be a showcase of Tensor ...Chrome OS: Alt + a. Mac: First press the pass-through keys Ctrl + Option + Tab, then Ctrl + Option + a. Press the down arrow to hear options, such as Speak, Comments, and more. Press the right arrow to open a sub-menu, and press the down arrow to explore options in the sub-menu. Press Enter to select an option.Sep 30, 2022 · Speechify Text to Speech Voice Reader is a useful Google Chrome extension to listen to any webpage. It provides 130+ voices and 30+ languages. With its high-quality AI, You can modify the reading speed up to 4.5x with 900 words per minute. Speechify allows you to read out the docs, articles, PDFs, and emails.This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchTo have pages read aloud to you, turn on your Chromebook’s built-in screen reader: At the bottom right, select the time. Or press Alt + Shift + s. Select Settings Accessibility. Under "Text-to-Speech," turn on ChromeVox. Tip: When you press Ctrl + Alt + z, you can turn ChromeVox on or off from any page. Learn how to use the built-in screen ...Jan 8, 2024 · Right-click the image and choose Resize image from the context menu. In the sidebar that appears, enter custom dimensions in pixels for the desired width and height. Click Apply to resize the image. The aspect ratio will be maintained as you resize, so the image will not become distorted.Dec 8, 2022 · Then, turn on VoiceOver with the following steps. Open System Preferences and select Accessibility . Choose VoiceOver and then turn on the VoiceOver toggle. Confirm you want to enable the feature by selecting Use VoiceOver . Then, head to your document in Google Docs. If necessary, place your cursor in the document for the reader to begin.This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchMar 20, 2022 · Whatever your needs, getting Google Docs to read to you is fairly simple. All you need is a tech tool to get started. The Benefits of Google Docs Read Aloud There are a few key benefits of allowing Google Docs to read to you. First, this process allows you to find mistakes in your writing. Putting an image behind text in Google Docs can help make your documents more visually appealing. The image serves as a background that enhances the text without covering it up completely. Follow these steps to easily place an image behind text in Google Docs: ... How to Make Google Docs Read Aloud.Troubleshooting Google Docs Read Aloud Not Working • Google Docs Read Aloud Fix • Learn how to troubleshoot and fix Google Docs read aloud not working issues...2. Download a Screen Reader Tool. Don't have text-to-speech software? If you will be using read aloud in Google Docs often, you might consider downloading a screen reader tool. There are various …Text-to-speech goes by a few names. Some refer to it as TTS, read aloud, or even speech synthesis; for the more engineered name. Today, it simply means using artificial intelligence to read words aloud be; it from a PDF, email, docs, …

Feb 7, 2024 · Step 1: Open a Google Docs Document. Open the document you want Google Docs to read out loud. Once you have the document open, make sure your speakers or headphones are connected and working. This is where the voice will come from. Step 2: Select the Text You Want to Hear. Highlight the text you want Google Docs to read to you. . Klimt portrait adele bloch bauer

google docs read aloud

Follow the steps at the beginning of this how-to to turn on the Google Docs accessibility feature. Then, follow these steps to turn on VoiceOver: Open Google Docs and click on the three lines in the top left corner of the window. Click on “Settings” in the menu that pops up. Under “Accessibility”, click on “VoiceOver” and make sure ...Once this is activated, you can have Google Docs read out loud from the point that your cursor is currently positioned at. Keep in mind, however, that when the …This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchFeb 4, 2024 · Hello! I've used the Read Aloud function for years, and ever since the most recent update (sometime in the last week or so) every time I try to use the Read Aloud function it begins reading the section I am on audio-wise, but the actual visual goes to the top page of the document and does not move while also still highlighting what it thinks …Step 1: Open a Google Docs Document. Open the document you want Google Docs to read out loud. Once you have the document open, make sure your … Here’s how: Open Google Docs in your browser. Click on the “Settings” icon (gear icon) located at the top right corner of the page. From the drop-down menu, select “Settings.”. Scroll down to the “Accessibility” section. Toggle the “Screen reader support” option to “ON.”. Click on “Save” to apply the changes. Google Help. Google Docs Editors. Send feedback about our Help Center. This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchChoose specific lines or sections of the screen to be read aloud. Learn More; Reading mode. Use Chrome’s reading mode to enlarge text and line height to make it easier to read. Learn More; ... Connect a braille display to read and edit files on Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, and Drawings. Explore resources: How to use Braille display; add alt text.Here are the steps one needs to follow to enable audio in Goggle Docs' text editor. Step 1: Download the ChromeVox extension on your Google Chrome browser. Step 2: Open your Google Docs, click on ‘Tools’ in the top menu bar and select the ‘accessibility settings' option. Sep 3: Enable ‘Turn on Screen Reader Support,’ turn on ...Overview of Google crawlers and fetchers (user agents) Google uses crawlers and fetchers to perform actions for its products, either automatically or triggered by user request. "Crawler" (sometimes also called a "robot" or "spider") is a generic term for any program that is used to automatically discover and scan websites by following links ...Feb 20, 2020 · Obviously for students with dysgraphia, this period of having to dictate work or type with word prediction might have to be continued longer. Tech expert Jamie Martin mentions several Google Docs Add-ons that can also be helpful for students: The Text Help tool has virtual highlighters that can also export text for citations..

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